A resistência do fluxo inspiratório modifica a intensidade de uma sessão de pilates? / Does inspiratory flow resistance modify the intensity of a pilates session?

INTRODUÇÃO: As evidências sobre a melhora da capacidade funcional utilizando o Método Pilates não são contundentes. Uma possibilidade de melhorar o efeito de uma sessão de Pilates sobre a capacidade cardiorrespiratória de seus praticantes é utilizar a resistência de fluxo inspiratório (RFI) de forma concomitante. Esse efeito pode ser visualizado através da determinação do limiar glicêmico (LG), técnica utilizada como marcador de intensidade do exercício. OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de que a utilização de RFI em uma sessão de pilates antecipa o LG. MÉTODOS: Estudo crossover de corte transversal. Foram avaliados 26 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, sendo 10 do sexo masculino, sadios e com idade entre 20 e 40 anos. Os voluntários foram randomizados para dois protocolos: Protocolo RFI ­ 11 movimentos do Método Pilates com RFI utilizando 20% da pressão inspiratória máxima; e Protocolo sem RFI (SRFI) ­ 11 movimentos do Método Pilates sem RFI. Os dois protocolos foram realizados no mesmo dia, sendo um pela manhã e outro à tarde, conforme randomização feita por sorteio aleatório simples. No repouso e ao final de cada movimento coletas de sangue capilar foram realizadas para dosagem da glicemia e construção da curva glicêmica. O LG foi determinado no menor ponto da curva. RESULTADOS: O LG foi antecipado no protocolo que utilizou RFI, ou seja, no protocolo com RFI o LG foi visualizado no sexto exercício, enquanto no protocolo SRFI o LG foi visualizado no nono exercício (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A RFI antecipou o LG, o que sugere que a RFI aumenta a intensidade de uma sessão de pilates. Isso aventa a hipótese de que a RFI pode proporcionar a médio e longo prazo benefícios adicionais aos praticantes do Método Pilates.

INTRODUCTION: The evidence on the improvement of functional capacity using the Pilates Method is not conclusive. One possibility to improve the effect of a Pilates session on the cardiorespiratory capacity of its practitioners is to use the inspiratory flow resistance (IFR) concomitantly. This effect can be visualized by determining the glycemic threshold (GT), a technique used as an exercise intensity marker. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the use of IFR in a Pilates session anticipates GT. METHODS: Cross-sectional crossover study. A total of 26 individuals of both genders were evaluated, 10 of whom were male, healthy, and aged between 20 and 40 years. The volunteers were randomized to two protocols: Protocol IFR - Eleven movements of the Pilates method with IFR using 20% of the maximum inspiratory pressure, and Protocol no IFR (NIFR) - Eleven movements of the Pilates method without IFR. The two protocols were performed on the same day, one in the morning and the other in the afternoon, according to randomization by simple random draw. At rest and at the end of each movement, capillary blood collections were performed to measure blood glucose and construct the glycemic curve. GT was determined at the smallest point on the curve. RESULTS: The GT was anticipated in the protocol that used IFR; that is, in the protocol with IFR, the GT was visualized in the sixth exercise, while in the NIFR protocol, the GT was visualized in the ninth exercise (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: IFR anticipated GT, which suggests that IFR increases the intensity of a Pilates session. This suggests the hypothesis that IFR can provide additional medium and long-term benefits to Pilates method practitioners.

Consistency evaluation of target heart rate determined by anaerobic threshold and by resting heart rate in patients with coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To evaluate the consistency on the determination of target heart rate by simple calculation method based on resting heart rate and by anaerobic threshold method in cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) for patients with coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: This study was a diagnostic test. Patients with coronary artery disease who underwent the first PCI in the Department of Cardiology of Peking University People's Hospital from October 2011 to April 2021 were enrolled. Patients were further divided into subgroups according to gender, age (<60 years group and ≥60 years group), with or without myocardial infarction history (myocardial infarction group and angina pectoris group) and whether β blockers were applied. The general clinical data of patients, resting heart rate (RHR) and anaerobic threshold heart rate in CPET were collected through the electronic medical record system. The simple target rate (RHR plus 20 or 30 bpm) and the target rate calculated by anaerobic threshold (anaerobic threshold heart rate minus 10 bpm) were both calculated in each patient. Consistency test of target heart rate derived by above the two methods was shown by intra-class correlation (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. Results: A total of 439 patients were included, age was (56.2±8.8) years, body mass index was (25.77±2.34) kg/m2, there were 382 males (87.0%). The target heart rate determined by anaerobic threshold method was (90.0±11.8)bpm, and the simple target heart rate determined by RHR plus 20 bpm was (91.0±8.4)bpm. There was no significant difference on the target heart rate derived from the two calculation methods (P=0.091). The simple target heart rate determined by RHR plus 30 bpm was (101.0±8.4)bpm, which was significant higher than that determined by anaerobic threshold method (P<0.001). In the following analysis, RHR plus 20 bpm was defined as the simple target heart rate. The ICC value of target heart rate determined by anaerobic threshold and resting rate plus 20 bpm was 0.529(95%CI 0.458-0.593, P<0.001). Bland-Altman plots analysis showed that the ratio of the simple target heart rate and the target heart rate determined by anaerobic threshold method was 1.03±0.11 and the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were 0.812-1.245. In the subgroup of patients aged<60 years (n=247), the ICC value was 0.492, the ratio by Bland-Altman plots analysis was 1.02±0.11 and LOA was 0.814-1.234; in the subgroup of patients aged ≥60 years (n=192), the ICC value was 0.566, the ratio by Bland-Altman plots analysis was 1.03±0.11 and LOA was 0.810-1.260. In male subgroup(n=382), the ICC value was 0.540, the ratio by Bland-Altman plots analysis was 1.03±0.11 and LOA was 0.813-1.246; in female subgroup(n=57), the ICC value was 0.445, the ratio by Bland-Altman plots analysis was 1.03±0.11 and LOA was 0.810-1.240.In myocardial infarction subgroup (n=186), the ICC value was 0.568, the ratio by Bland-Altman plots analysis was 1.02±0.11 and LOA was 0.810-1.227; in angina pectoris subgroup (n=253), the ICC value was 0.495, the ratio by Bland-Altman plots analysis was 1.04±0.11 and LOA was 0.813-1.260. In the subgroup of patients with β blockers (n=353), the ICC value was 0.520, the ratio by Bland-Altman plots analysis was 1.03±0.11 and LOA was 0.810-1.252; in the subgroup of patients without β blockers (n=86), the ICC value was 0.570, the ratio by Bland-Altman plots analysis was 1.02±0.10 and LOA was 0.821-1.219. Conclusions: The simple target heart rate determined by RHR plus 20 bpm is consistent with the target heart rate determined by anaerobic threshold in patients with coronary artery disease after PCI. But the simple target heart rate determined by RHR plus 20 bpm can't replace the target heart rate determined by anaerobic threshold in this patient cohort.

Cardiorespiratory fitness level influences the ventilatory threshold identification / Nível de aptidão cardiorrespiratória influencia a identificação do limiar ventilatório

ABSTRACT We aimed to analyze the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on ventilatory threshold identification (VT1) using the Ventilatory Equivalents (VEq) and V-slope methods. Twenty-two male runners (32.9 ± 9.4 years) were divided into two groups: G1 - group with less cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF: VO2max 40 to 51 ml·kg-1·min-1) and G2 - higher CRF (G1; VO2max ?56,4 to 72 ml·kg-1·min-1) divided by the 50th percentile. An incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test was applied to identify VT1 using VEq and V-slope methods to compare heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), and speed. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare HR, VO2, and speed (groups vs. methods). The Effect size was calculated using Cohen's d. The intraclass correlation coefficient, variation coefficient, typical error, and Bland Altman were applied to verify reliability and agreement. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between methods for G1 (VO2, HR, and speed), and Bland Altman showed good agreement (mean difference: VO2 0.35ml·kg-1·min-1; HR 2.58bpm; speed 0.33km·h-1). However, G2 presented statistical differences between methods (VO2 and speed) and a more significant mean difference (VO2 2.68ml·kg-1·min-1; HR 6.87 bpm; speed 0.88km·h-1). The small effect size was found in G1 between methods (VO2: 0.06; speed: 0.20; HR: 0.14), and small and moderate effects were found in G2 between methods (VO2: 0.39; speed: 0.43; HR: 0.51). In conclusion, runners with lower CRF have a better agreement for the V-slope and VEq methods than those with a higher CRF.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência do nível de aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR) entre os métodos Equivalente Ventilatório (VEq) e V-slope para determinação do Limiar Ventilatório 1 (LV1). 22 homens corredores (32,9 ± 9,4 anos) foram divididos em dois grupos: G1 - grupo com menor aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR:VO2máx 40 a 51 ml·kg-1·min-1) e G2 - maior ACR (VO2máx 56,4 a 72 ml·kg-1·min-1), divididos pelo percentil 50. Foi aplicado um teste incremental cardiopulmonar para identificar o LV1 através dos métodos VEq e V-slope, comparando as seguintes variáveis: Frequência Cardíaca (FC), Consumo de Oxigênio (VO2) e velocidade. Para comparações entre FC, VO2 e velocidade (grupos vs. métodos) empregou-se ANOVA de duas vias. O tamanho do efeito foi calculado utilizando d'Cohen. Para verificar a confiabilidade e a concordância, foram aplicados o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, coeficiente de variação, erro típico e Bland Altman. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre métodos para G1 (VO2, FC e velocidade) e Bland Altman revelou boa concordância (diferença média: VO2 0,35ml·kg-1·min-1; FC 2,58bpm; velocidade 0,33km·h-1). Contudo, G2 apresentou diferenças estatísticas entre métodos (VO2 e velocidade) e maior diferença média (VO2 2,68ml·kg-1·min-1; FC 6,87 bpm; velocidade 0,88km·h-1). Tamanho de efeito pequeno foi encontrado no G1 entre os métodos (VO2: 0,06; velocidade: 0,20; FC: 0,14) e efeitos Pequenos e moderados foram encontrados no G2 entre os métodos (VO2: 0,39; velocidade: 0,43; FC: 0,51). Conclui-se que corredores com menor ACR apresentam melhor concordância para os métodos V-slope e VEq em comparação aqueles com maior ACR.

Effects of resistance training on metabolic and cardiovascular responses to a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test in Parkinson`s disease / Efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre as respostas metabólicas e cardiovasculares ao teste de esforço cardiopulmonar máximo na doença de Parkinson

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the effects of resistance training on metabolic and cardiovascular responses during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: Twenty-four patients with Parkinson's disease (modified Hoehn and Yahr stages 2 to 3) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Control or Resistance Training. Patients in the Resistance Training Group completed an exercise program consisting of five resistance exercises (two to four sets of six to 12 repetitions maximum per set) twice a week. Patients in the Control Group maintained their usual lifestyle. Oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure and heart rate were assessed at rest and during cycle ergometer-based maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing at baseline and at 12 weeks. Assessments during exercise were conducted at absolute submaximal intensity (slope of the linear regression line between physiological variables and absolute workloads), at relative submaximal intensity (anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point) and at maximal intensity (maximal exercise). Muscle strength was also evaluated. Results: Both groups had similar increase in peak oxygen uptake after 12 weeks of training. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure measured at absolute and relative submaximal intensities and at maximal exercise intensity did not change in any of the groups. Muscle strength increased in the Resistance Training but not in the Control Group after 12 weeks. Conclusion: Resistance training increases muscle strength but does not change metabolic and cardiovascular responses during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with Parkinson's disease without cardiovascular comorbidities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento resistido nas respostas metabólicas e cardiovasculares ao teste de esforço cardiopulmonar máximo em pacientes com doença de Parkinson. Métodos: Vinte e quarto pacientes com doença de Parkinson (estágios 2 a 3 de Hoehn e Yahr modificado) foram aleatoriamente randomizados em dois grupos: Controle e Treinamento Resistido. O Grupo Treinamento Resistido realizou, duas vezes por semana, cinco exercícios resistidos, duas a quatro séries, seis a 12 repetições máximas por série. O Grupo Controle manteve seu estilo de vida. No início e após 12 semanas, consumo de oxigênio, pressão arterial sistólica e frequência cardíaca foram avaliados em repouso e durante um teste de esforço cardiopulmonar máximo realizado em um cicloergômetro. As avaliações durante o exercício foram realizadas nas intensidades submáximas (a inclinação da regressão linear entre as variáveis fisiológicas e as cargas absolutas), nas intensidades submáximas relativas (limiar anaeróbico e ponto de compensação respiratória) e na intensidade máxima (pico do exercício). Adicionalmente, foi avaliada a força muscular. Resultados: Comparado com o início, o consumo de oxigênio pico aumentou, de forma semelhante, em ambos os grupos após 12 semanas. A frequência cardíaca e a pressão arterial sistólica avaliadas nas intensidades submáximas absolutas e relativas, assim como no pico do exercício, não se modificaram em nenhum dos grupos. Finalmente, diferente do Grupo Controle, a força muscular aumentou no Grupo Treinamento Resistido após 12 semanas. Conclusão: Em pacientes com doença de Parkinson sem comorbidades cardiovasculares, o treinamento resistido aumenta a força muscular, mas não modifica as respostas metabólicas e cardiovasculares ao teste de esforço cardiopulmonar máximo.

Inspiratory muscle training based on anaerobic threshold on the functional capacity of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting: clinical trial

Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with reduced ventilatory muscle strength and consequent worsening of functional capacity (FC). Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) can be indicated, but there is still a lack of knowledge about the use of the anaerobic threshold (AT) as a basis for prescription. The objective of this study is to evaluate if IMT based on AT modifies FC and inspiratory muscle strength of patients submitted to CABG. Methods: This is a clinical trial. On the first postoperative day, the patients were divided into two groups: the conventional group (IMT-C), which performed IMT based on 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and the IMT-AT group, which performed IMT based on AT. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative assessment of MIP and performed a six-minute walk test (6MWT). Results: Forty-two patients were evaluated, 21 in each group. Their mean age was 61.4±10 years and 27 (64%) of them were male. There was a reduction of inspiratory muscle strength with a delta of 23±13 cmH2O in the IMT-C group vs. 11±10 cmH2O in the IMT-AT group (P<0.01) and of the walking distance with a delta of 94±34 meters in the IMT-C group vs. 57±30 meters in the IMT-AT group (P=0.04). Conclusion: IMT based on AT minimized the loss of FC and inspiratory muscle strength of patients submitted to CABG.

Determinação do limiar anaeróbio pela carga crítica superestima teste de lactato mínimo / Determination the anaerobic threshold for critical workload overestimates lactate minimum test

Introdução: A utilização de métodos específicos de mensuração é de fundamental importância para a identificação da capacidade aeróbia e prescrição da intensidade de exercício. Normalmente esta definição é feita pela determinação do limiar anaeróbio (Lan) que corresponde à máxima fase estável entre produção e remoção de lactato sanguíneo (MFEL). Dentre as mais variadas formas de se det ermin ar a MFEL estão os testes de lactato mínimo (LM) e carga crítica (CC). No entanto, não se sabe se a utilização dessas formas de avaliação pode acarretar em resultados distintos. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os valores de Lan obtidos por meio dos testes de CC e de LM em rat o s W istar. Método : Foram utilizados 32 ratos machos (Wistar), com peso médio 411,0 (± 4 0 ,7 gramas), o s quais fo ram submetidos às baterias de testes de CC e de LM. O teste de LM foi realizado com a indução à hiperlactacidemia com dois estímulos correspondentes a 13% do peso corporal (PC), seguido de intervalo passivo de nove minutos e teste incremental composto por estágios com duração de cin co m inut os e cargas equivalentes a 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 e 7.0 % do PC. Já a CC foi obtida p o r m eio da in dução ao exercício em quatro diferentes estímulos randomizados, com cargas correspondentes a 7, 9, 11 e 1 3 % do PC. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que o Lan médio determinado pelo Teste de CC foi de 5,8 ± 1,2% do peso corporal (PC) e 4,9 ± 0,6% do PC determinado pelo Teste de LM. Co nclusão: P ode ­ se concluir que o limiar anaeróbio determinado por meio do teste CC superestimou em 18,4% o valor obtido por meio do teste de LM...(AU)

Introduction: The utilization of specific measurement methods is of fundamental importance for the identification of aerobic capacity and prescription of exercise. This determination is usually m ade through measurement of the anaerobic threshold (Lan) which corresponds to the maximal lactate st eady state (MLSS). Among the more varied forms of determination of MLSS are the minimum lactate (LM) and critical overload tests (CC). However, it is not known if the utilization of these forms o f ev aluatio n can lead to different results. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the Lan v alues o btained through the CCand LM tests in Wistar rats. Method: For this purpose, 32 male Wistar rats were used, with an average weight of 411.0 ± 40.7 grams, submitted to CC and LM tests. The LM test was performed fo r the induction of a hyperlactacidemia with two stimuli corresponding to 13% of body weight (BW), followed by a passive interval of nine minutes and an incremental test composed of stages with a duratio n of five minutes and loads equivalent to 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 7.0% of BW . T he CC was o bt ain ed through induced exercise in four randomized stimuli, with loads corresponding to 7, 9 , 1 1, and 1 3 % o f BW. Results: It was observed that the mean anaerobic threshold determined by CC was 5.8 ± 1 .2 % BW , and determined by LM was 4.9 ± 0.6% BW. Conclusion: It is concluded that th e an aero bic th resho ld determined through the critical workload test overestimates the value obtained through the lactate minimum test by 18.4%, thus impeding its use as an aerobic training intensity predictor in Wistar rats. Keywords: Lactic acid, Critical load, Anaerobic threshold, Wistar rats...(AU)

Efeito do treinamento concorrente na composição corporal de animais submetidos ao consumo de refrigerante / Effect of concurrent in the body composition of animals submitted to refrigerant consumption

Objetivo ­ Analisar as alterações impostas pelo treinamento concorrente na composição corporal de ratos submetidos ao consumo de refrigerante. Métodos ­ 32 ratos machos da raça Wistar, distribuídos em quatro grupos: Controle (C); Controle Refrigerante (CR); Treinamento Concorrente (TC) e Treinamento Concorrente e Refrigerante (TCR). Os grupos CR e TCR receberam a bebida (0,41 cal/g) do trigésimo ao nonagésimo dia de vida. Foram submetidos a um protocolo de treinamento concorrente, 3x/semana, pelo período de quatro semanas. O protocolo de treino foi composto por 30 minutos de treinamento aeróbio, à 80% do limiar anaeróbio, seguido do treinamento resistido, composto por 4 séries de 10 saltos e sobrecarga de 50% do peso corporal de cada animal. Após 48 horas da última sessão de treinamento, os animais foram submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos e mensuraram-se as variáveis de peso corporal, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e Índice de Lee (Lee). Além disso, foi coletado o tecido adiposo epididimal. Resultados ­ Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os índices antropométricos (p>0,05). Houve aumento do peso corporal e gordura visceral nos animais que consumiram refrigerantes. Apenas a variável peso corporal demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05). Foi verificado que a glicose sanguínea de jejum se apresentou mais baixa nos grupos que receberam refrigerantes (p<0,05). Conclusão ­ O refrigerante alterou de forma significativa as variáveis de peso corporal, glicose sanguínea de jejum e consumo de água e ração

Objective ­ To analyze the changes imposed by concurrent training on the body composition of rats submitted to the consumption of soda. Methods ­ 32 male Wistar rats, divided into four groups: Control (C); Refrigerant Control (CR); Concurrent Training (TC) and Concurrent Training and Refrigerant (TCR). The CR and TCR groups received the beverage (0.41cal/g) from the 30th to the 90th day of life. They underwent a concurrent training protocol, 3x / week, for a period of four weeks. The training protocol consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic training at 80% of the anaerobic threshold, followed by resistance training consisting of 4 sets of 10 jumps and 50% overload of each animal's body weight. 48 hours after the last training session, the animals underwent surgical procedures and the variables body weight, body mass index (BMI) and Lee index (Lee) were measured. In addition, epididymal adipose tissue was collected. Results ­ No significant differences were found between anthropometric indices (p> 0.05). There was an increase in body weight and visceral fat in animals that consumed soda. Only the body weight variable showed a statistically significant difference (p <0.05). It was found that fasting blood glucose was lower in the groups that received soda (p <0.05). Conclusion ­ The soda significantly changed the variables of body weight, fasting blood glucose and water and feed intake

Estudio del umbral anaerobio en nadadores que entrenan en Bogotá a 2600 metros de altitud / Study of the anaerobic threshold of swimmers training in Bogotá at an altitude of 2 600 meters

Introducción: Las altitudes intermedias entre 1500-3000 m sobre el nivel del mar generan cambios en el metabolismo basal, incrementados con el entrenamiento físico en deportes donde predominan esfuerzos aerobios superiores a tres minutos. Objetivo: Determinar el umbral anaerobio para nadadores que entrenan en Bogotá a 2600 m de altitud. Métodos: Fueron evaluados treinta nadadores: 12 mujeres y 18 hombres de las categorías juvenil y mayores, entre 16-24 años, modalidades bialetas, natación de carreras y deportistas que se preparan para campeonatos nacionales, se les aplicaron las siguientes mediciones: prueba de 30 min de natación continua, medición de la frecuencia cardíaca al inicio y final de la prueba, medición de ácido láctico al finalizar, análisis corporal y máximo consumo de oxígeno. Los registros de las mediciones fueron analizados estadísticamente. Resultados: Se encontraron al final de la prueba de los 30 min de natación continua, concentraciones de ácido láctico para los hombres de hasta 14 mmol/L, 9 para las mujeres y frecuencias cardíacas máximas y submáximas. En cuanto a los porcentajes de grasa, el promedio de los mejores para las mujeres fue de 20 y para los hombres 10 y porcentajes de masa muscular 33 para las mujeres y 41 para los hombres. Conclusiones: Los registros de ácido láctico en altitudes intermedias son muy superiores a las propuestas en la bibliografía existente para determinar el umbral anaeróbico, al igual que la frecuencia cardíaca, los porcentajes de grasa corporal promedio para hombres es 10 y para mujeres 20. La prueba de 30 min puede ser adecuada para determinar la velocidad de umbral anaerobio en altitudes intermedias, el volumen de entrenamiento de dicha capacidad puede ser equivalente al obtenido en ella y puede ser fraccionado utilizando distancias de 200 m, con pausas breves entre 10 y 30 s(AU)

Introduction: Intermediate altitudes between 1 500 and 3 000 above sea level bring about changes in basal metabolism, which are increased by physical training in sports with a predominance of aerobic efforts extending for more than three minutes. Objective: Determine the anaerobic threshold of swimmers training in Bogotá at an altitude of 2 600 meters. Methods: Thirty swimmers were evaluated: 12 women and 18 men from the youth and senior categories, age 16-24 years, bifin modes, racing swimming, and sportspeople training for national championships. The following measurements were taken: 30-min continuous swimming test, heart rate at the start and end of the test, lactic acid at the end, body analysis and maximal oxygen consumption. Measurement records were analyzed statistically. Results: At the end of the 30-min continuous swimming test lactic acid concentrations were up to 14 mmol/l for men and 9 mmol/l for women, and heart rates maximal and submaximal. The best mean body fat percentages were 20 for women and 10 for men, whereas muscle mass percentages were 33 for women and 41 for men. Conclusions: Lactic acid and heart rate values at intermediate altitudes were found to be much higher than those proposed by the existing bibliography to determine the anaerobic threshold. Mean body fat percentages were 10 for men and 20 for women. The 30-min test may be appropriate to determine the anaerobic threshold speed at intermediate altitudes. The training volume for that capacity may be equivalent to the one obtained from it, and may be split up using 200-meter distances with brief pauses of 10 to 30 seconds(AU)

Avaliação do limiar anaeróbio pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em diabéticos tipo 2 / Evaluation of anaerobic threshold by heart rate variability in type 2 diabetics

A diabetes é um problema de saúde pública devido a sua alta prevalência, morbidade e mortalidade. O tipo 2 é mais prevalente e representa de 90 a 95% dos casos, sendo as complicações mais comuns o acúmulo de gordura no músculo esquelético e a resistência à insulina. O exercício físico regular contribui para regulação da glicemia, destacando-se o limiar anaeróbio como importante marcador para prescrição de exercícios físicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o limiar anaeróbio de indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2 através da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo de caráter transversal, recrutou 18 participantes de ambos os sexos em uma unidade básica de saúde do município de Lagarto-SE, esse foram divididos em 2 grupos de 9 indivíduos. Na análise estatística utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para avaliação da normalidade e posteriormente Anova com pós teste de Tukey para comparação dos grupos. O grupo 1 composto de indivíduos diabéticos tipo 2 e o grupo 2 de indivíduos saudáveis. Também foi avaliada a média da frequência cardíaca em repouso e após o teste de esforço progressivo. RESULTADOS: As características de idade foram homogêneas sendo o grupo 1 com média de 62,1 (±13,9) anos e grupo 2 de 62,0 (±7,0) anos. A média da frequência de repouso foi de 79,8 bpm do grupo diabéticos e 78 bpm do grupo comparação, no limiar anaeróbio foi de 111,5 no grupo 1 e 119 no grupo 2. O tempo para atingir o L.A foi similar entre os grupos, 9,5 min no grupo experimental e 8 min no grupo comparação. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores do limiar anaeróbio de ambos os grupos foram considerados de baixo condicionamento físico, estes não apresentaram diferença estatística.

Diabetes is a public health problem due to its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Type 2 is more prevalent and accounts for 90 to 95% of cases, with the most common complications being the accumulation of fat in skeletal muscle and insulin resistance. Regular physical exercise contributes to glycemic regulation, highlighting the anaerobic threshold as an important marker for prescribing physical exercises. OBJECTIVE: To assess the anaerobic threshold of individuals with type 2 diabetes through heart rate variability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study, recruited 18 participants of both sexes in a basic health unit in the municipality of Lagarto-SE, which were divided into 2 groups of 9 individuals. In the statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normality and subsequently Anova with Tukey's post-test to compare the groups. Group 1 consisted of type 2 diabetic individuals and group 2 of healthy individuals. The mean heart rate at rest and after the progressive exercise test was also evaluated. RESULTS: Age characteristics were homogeneous, with group 1 averaging 62.1 years (± 13.9) and group 2 62.0 years (± 7.0). The mean resting frequency was 79.8 bpm in the diabetic group and 78 bpm in the comparison group, at the anaerobic threshold it was 111.5 in group 1 and 119 in group 2. The time to reach the LA was similar between groups , 9.5 min in the experimental group and 8 min in the comparison group. CONCLUSION: The values of the anaerobic threshold of both groups were considered of low physical conditioning, these did not present statistical difference.

Comparison of methods to determine the lactate threshold during leg press exercise in long-distance runners

Abstract Aims: To determine lactate threshold (LT) by three different methods (visual inspection, algorithmic adjustment, and Dmax) during an incremental protocol performed in the leg press 45° and to evaluate correlation and agreement among these different methods. Methods: Twenty male long-distance runners participated in this study. Firstly, participants performed the dynamic force tests in one-repetition maximum (1RM). In the next session, completed an incremental protocol consisted of progressive stages of 1 min or 20 repetitions with increments of 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% 1RM. From 40% 1RM, increments corresponding to 10% 1RM were performed until a load in which the participants could not complete the 20 repetitions. A rest interval of 2 min was observed between each stage for blood collection and adjustment of the workloads for the next stage. Results: Our results showed no significant difference in relative load (% 1RM), good correlations, and high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between algorithmic adjustment and Dmax (p = 0.680, r = 0.92; ICC = 0.959), algorithmic adjustment and visual inspection (p = 0.266, r = 0.91; ICC = 0.948), and Dmax and visual inspection (p = 1.000, r = 0.88; ICC = 0.940). In addition, the Bland-Altman plot and linear regression showed agreement between algorithmic adjustment and Dmax (r2 = 0.855), algorithmic adjustment and visual inspection (r2 = 0.834), and Dmax and visual inspection (r2 = 0.781). Conclusion: The good correlation and high agreement among three methods suggest their applicability to determine LT during an incremental protocol performed in the leg press 45°. However, the best agreement found between mathematical methods suggests better accuracy.

Physiological profile of adult male long-distance trail runners: variations according to competitive level (national or regional) / Perfil fisiológico de corredores de trilhas de longa distância adultos do sexo masculino: variações segundo o nível competitivo (nacional ou regional)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and identify the importance of different indicators of the aerobic and anaerobic fitness of male ultra-trail runners according to their level of participation (regional or national). Methods Forty-four male ultra-trail runners were assessed (36.5±7.2 years). They were classified as regional (n=25) and national (n=19). Wingate test was used to assess the anaerobic pathway. A progressive incremental running test was performed and ventilatory thresholds registered, in parallel to heart rate and lactate concentration at the end of the protocol. Comparison between groups was performed using independent samples t-test. Results No significant differences were found between outputs derived from Wingate test. For aerobic fitness, while examining absolute values, differences were uniquely significant for the second ventilatory threshold (ultra-trail regional runners: 3.78±0.32L.min-1; ultra-trail national runners: 4.03±0.40L.min-1 p<0.05). Meantime, when aerobic fitness was expressed per unit of body mass, differences were significant for the second ventilatory threshold (ultra-trail regional runners: 50.75±6.23mL.kg-1.min-1; ultra-trail national runners: 57.88±4.64mL.kg-1.min-1 p<0.05) and also maximum volume of oxygen (ultra-trail regional runners: 57.33±7.66mL.kg-1.min-1; ultra-trail national runners: 63.39±4.26mL.kg-1.min-1 p<0.05). Conclusion This study emphasized the importance of expressing physiological variables derived from running protocols per unit of body mass. Also, the second ventilatory threshold appears to be the best and the only aerobic fitness variable to distinguish between trail runners according to competitive level. Maximal oxygen uptake seems of relative interest to distinguish between long distance runners according to competitive level.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e comparar indicadores de aptidão metabólica em corredores de trilhas de longa distância (ultra trail running) adultos do sexo masculino, de acordo com o nível de competição (regional ou nacional). Métodos Foram avaliados 44 corredores masculinos com média de idade de 36,5±7,2 anos classificados como de nível regional (n=25) ou nacional (n=19). Foi utilizado o teste de Wingate para avaliação da via anaeróbica, enquanto o teste incremental de corrida em esteira também foi realizado para determinar os limiares ventilatórios, o consumo máximo de oxigênio, a frequência cardíaca e a concentração de lactato ao final do protocolo. A comparação entre os grupos foi realizada por estatística teste t para amostras independentes. Resultados As variáveis obtidas do teste Wingate não diferiram de forma significativa entre os grupos. No que diz respeito à aptidão aeróbica, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre variáveis expressas em valores absolutos no segundo limiar ventilatório (corredores de nível regional: 3,78±0,32L.min-1; corredores de nível nacional: 4,03±0,40L.min-1; p<0,05). Quando considerados os valores expressos por unidade de massa corporal, o segundo limiar ventilatório (corredores de nível regional: 50,75±6,23mL.kg-1.min-1; corredores de nível nacional: 57,88±4,64mL.kg-1.min-1; p<0,05) e o volume máximo de oxigênio (corredores de nível regional: 57,33±7,66mL.kg-1.min-1; corredores de nível nacional: 63,39±4,26mL.kg-1.min-1; p<0,05) também diferiram de forma significativa. Conclusão Este estudo destacou a importância de se expressarem variáveis fisiológicas derivadas de protocolos de corrida por unidade de massa corporal. Além disso, o segundo limiar ventilatório pareceu ser o melhor e único indicador de aptidão aeróbica para a diferenciação de corredores de trilha de longa distância, segundo o nível competitivo. O consumo máximo de oxigênio não é especialmente relevante para distinguir os corredores de trilha de longa distância, segundo o nível competitivo.

Importância do teste cardiopulmonar para a fisioterapia cardiovascular / Importance of cardiopulmonary testing for cardiovascular physical therapy

O teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (TECP) é um método não invasivo de avaliação global da integridade dos ajustes fisiológicos no organismo humano durante a execução do exercício físico. Na prática clínica, o TECP tem sido utilizado com as mais diversas finalidades. O profissional capacitado pode utilizá-lo principalmente para avaliar a capacidade funcional dos indivíduos submetidos ao teste, mas também pode ser realizado com a finalidade diagnóstica, prognóstica e principalmente para a reabilitação, na qual a prescrição de exercícios é determinada de forma segura e individualizada. Nos últimos anos este teste tem se tornado uma importante ferramenta para os fisioterapeutas e educadores físicos para a prescrição de exercício físico. Os índices de limitação funcional mais observados são: 1) o consumo de oxigênio pico (VO2pico) ou consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx); 2) limiar anaeróbico ventilatório (LAV) em níveis de exercício físico submáximo. Desta forma, o objetivo do nosso trabalho foi disseminar o conhecimento sobre o TECP entre os nossos pares e outros profissionais da saúde. Neste sentido, promovendo a possibilidade de discussão sobre a potencial inserção do TECP nos programas de reabilitação cardíaca ambulatorial de forma precisa e segura, para melhora da capacidade funcional e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. (AU)

The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPT) is a noninvasive method of evaluating the overall integrity of the physiological adjustments in the human body during the execution of the physical exercise. In clinical practice the TECP has been used for a wide range of purposes. The trained professional can use it mainly to evaluate the functional capacity of the individuals submitted to the test. But it can also be performed for diagnostic purposes, prognosis and mainly for rehabilitation, in which the prescription of exercises is determined in a safe and individualized way. In recent years this test has become an important tool for physiotherapists and physical educators to prescribe physical exercise. The most observed functional limitation indices are: 1) peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) or maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max); 2) Ventilatory threshold (VT) at submaximal physical exercise levels. In this way, the objective of our work was to disseminate the knowledge about CPT among our peers and other health professionals. In this sense, promoting the possibility of discussing the potential insertion of CPT in ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation programs is a precise and safe way to improve functional capacity and quality of life of patients. (AU)

Test-Retest Reliability of Non-Invasive Cardiac Output Measurement during Exercise in Healthy Volunteers in Daily Clinical Routine / Confiabilidade Teste-Reteste de Medição Não-Invasiva de Débito Cardíaco durante Exercício em Voluntários Saudáveis sob Condições Clínicas de Rotina

Abstract Background: Thoracic bioreactance (TB), a noninvasive method for the measurement of cardiac output (CO), shows good test-retest reliability in healthy adults examined under research and resting conditions. Objective: In this study, we evaluate the test-retest reliability of CO and cardiac power (CPO) output assessment during exercise assessed by TB in healthy adults under routine clinical conditions. Methods: 25 test persons performed a symptom-limited graded cycling test in an outpatient office on two different days separated by one week. Cardiorespiratory (power output, VO2peak) and hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, stroke volume, CO, mean arterial pressure, CPO) were measured at rest and continuously under exercise using a spiroergometric system and bioreactance cardiograph (NICOM, Cheetah Medical). Results: After 8 participants were excluded due to measurement errors (outliers), there was no systematic bias in all parameters under all conditions (effect size: 0.2-0.6). We found that all noninvasively measured CO showed acceptable test-retest-reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.59-0.98; typical error: 0.3-1.8). Moreover, peak CPO showed better reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.80-0.85; effect size: 0.9-1.1) then the TB CO, thanks only to the superior reliability of MAP (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.59-0.98; effect size: 0.3-1.8). Conclusion: Our findings preclude the clinical use of TB in healthy subject population when outliers are not identified.

Resumo Fundamento: A biorreatância torácica (BT), um método não invasivo destinado à medição do débito cardíaco (DC), mostra boa confiabilidade teste-reteste em adultos saudáveis examinados em condições de pesquisa e repouso. Objetivo: No presente estudo, avaliamos a confiabilidade teste-reteste da avaliação do DC e trabalho cardíaco (TC) durante exercício, avaliado por BT em adultos saudáveis sob condições clínicas de rotina. Métodos: 25 indivíduos realizaram teste ergométrico gradual sintoma-limitante em ambiente ambulatorial em dois dias diferentes, com intervalo de uma semana. Parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios (trabalho cardíaco, VO2máx) e hemodinâmicos (frequência cardíaca, volume sistólico, DC, pressão arterial média, TC) foram medidos em repouso e continuamente sob exercício utilizando sistema espiroergométrico e cardiógrafo de biorreatância (NICOM, Cheetah Medical). Resultados: Após 8 participantes terem sido excluídos devido a erros de medição (outliers), não houve viés sistemático em nenhum dos parâmetros em todas as condições (tamanho do efeito: 0,2-0,6). Observamos que todos os débitos cardíacos medidos de forma não invasiva apresentaram níveis aceitáveis de confiabilidade teste-reteste (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse: 0,59-0,98; erro típico: 0,3-1,8). Além disso, TC máximo apresentou melhor confiabilidade (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse: 0,80-0,85; tamanho do efeito: 0,9-1,1), seguido do DC pela BT, graças apenas à confiabilidade superior da PAM (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse: 0,59-0,98; tamanho do efeito: 0,3-1,8). Conclusão: Nossos achados impedem o uso clínico da BT em indivíduos saudáveis quando outliers não forem identificados.

Metabolic fatigue in resuscitators using personal protection equipment against biological hazard

Abstract Objective. To describe the effects of wearing individual protection equipment against biological hazard when performing a simulated resuscitation. Methods. Uncontrolled quasi-experimental study involving 47 volunteers chosen by random sampling stratified by sex and professional category. We determined vital signs, anthropometric parameters and baseline lactate levels; subsequently, the volunteers put on level D individual protection equipment against biological hazard and performed a simulated resuscitation for 20 minutes. After undressing and 10 minutes of rest, blood was extracted again to determine lactate levels. Metabolic fatigue was defined as a level of lactic acid above 4 mmol/L at the end of the intervention. Results. 25.5% of the participants finished the simulation with an unfavorable metabolic tolerance pattern. The variables that predict metabolic fatigue were the level of physical activity and bone mass -in a protective formand muscle mass. People with a low level of physical activity had ten times the probability of metabolic fatigue compared to those with higher levels of activity (44% versus 4.5%, respectively). Conclusion. Professionals who present a medium or high level of physical activity tolerate resuscitation tasks better with a level D individual biological protection suit in a simulated resuscitation.

Resumen Objetivo. Describir cómo afecta llevar puesto un equipo de protección individual frente a riesgos biológicos durante la realización de una reanimación simulada. Métodos. Estudio cuasi-experimental no controlado en el que participaron 47 voluntarios elegidos mediante un muestreo aleatorio estratificado por sexo y categoría profesional. Se realizó una toma de contantes vitales y parámetros antropométricos, así como una determinación basal de lactato; posteriormente, los voluntarios se pusieron un equipo de protección individual nivel D frente a riesgos biológicos y realizaron una reanimación simulada durante 20 minutos; después del desvestido y de 10 minutos de reposo se realizó otra extracción de sangre para conocer los niveles de lactato. Se definió fatiga metabólica si el nivel de ácido láctico al final de la intervención estaba por encima de 4 mmol/L. Resultados El 25.5% de los participantes terminó la simulación con un mal patrón de tolerancia metabólica. Las variables que predicen la fatiga metabólica son el nivel de actividad física y la masa ósea ­en forma protectora- y la masa muscular. Las personas con un nivel bajo de actividad física tuvieron diez veces la probabilidad de fatiga metabólica comparadas con las de niveles más altos de actividad (44% versus 4.5%, respectivamente). Conclusión. Los profesionales que presentan un nivel de actividad física media o alta toleran mejor las labores de reanimación con un traje de protección biológica individual nivel D, en el caso de reanimación simulada.

Resumo Objetivo. Descrever como afeta vestir um equipamento de proteção individual frente a riscos biológicos durante a realização de uma reanimação simulada. Métodos. Estudo quase-experimental não controlado no qual participaram 47 voluntários elegidos mediante uma amostragem aleatória estratificado por sexo e categoria profissional. Se realizou uma toma de concreta e de parâmetros antropométricos, assim como uma determinação basal de lactato; posteriormente, os voluntários vestiram um equipamento de proteção individual nível D frente a riscos biológicos e realizaram uma reanimação simulada durante 20 minutos; depois do desvestido e de 10 minutos de repouso se realizou outra extração de sangue para conhecer os níveis de lactato. Se definiu fatiga metabólica se o nível de ácido láctico ao final da intervenção estava por encima de 4 mmol/L. Resultados 25.5% dos participantes terminou a simulação com um mal padrão de tolerância metabólica. As variáveis que predizem a fatiga metabólica são o nível de atividade física e a massa óssea ­em forma protetora- e a massa muscular. As pessoas com um nível baixo de atividade física tiveram dez vezes a probabilidade de fatiga metabólica comparadas com as de níveis mais altos de atividade (44% versus 4.5%, respectivamente). Conclusão. Os profissionais que apresentam um nível de atividade física média ou alta toleram melhor os trabalhos de reanimação com um equipamento de proteção biológica individual nível D, no caso de reanimação simulada.

Heart rate deflection point as an alternative to determining the anaerobic threshold in dyslipidaemic patients

Aim: The aim of the present study was to verify the agreement between the ventilatory method (VT) and the alternative method of heart rate deflection point (HRDP) in determining the anaerobic threshold (AT) during incremental treadmill test in dyslipidaemic patients. Methods: Twenty-seven dyslipidaemic patients (61.50 ± 10.46 years) performed an incremental treadmill test, in which the AT was determined using both methods. Bland-Altman statistics was adopted in order to verify the agreement between the methods. Results: Agreement in AT determination between the VT and HRDP methods was observed (p < 0.05) for heart rate (138.00 ± 23.80 and 136.26 ± 22.18 bpm, respectively), oxygen uptake (31.00 ± 10.33 and 31.00 ± 11.17 ml.kg−1.min−1), and treadmill velocity (7.67 ± 1.71 km.h-1and 8.00 ± 1.75 km.h-1). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HRDP method can be adopted for the determination of the AT in dyslipidaemic patients, showing agreement with the VT method.(AU)

Confiabilidade de um circuito multimodal incremental na determinação do limiar anaeróbio de idosos por meio da dosagem do lactato sanguíneo / Reliability of an incremental multi-modal circuit in the determination of the anaerobic threshold of elderly people through the dosage of the blood lactate

A prática regular de exercício físico traz inúmeros benefícios para os idosos, mas é necessário identificar uma prescrição de treinamento que possa ser realizada de maneira segura e eficaz por esta população. O Treinamento Multimodal é uma alternativa para estimular as capacidades e habilidades físicas importantes para a manutenção da saúde e autonomia no envelhecimento. O objetivo deste estudo, de abordagem quantitativa e delineamento quase-experimental, foi medir a confiabilidade de um circuito multimodal incremental na determinação do limiar anaeróbio (LAN) de idosos por meio da dosagem do lactato sanguíneo. O estudo foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Foram identificadas variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. As variáveis clínicas foram medidas antes, durante e após sessões de treinamento em um circuito multimodal. Para as análises descritivas, foram calculadas as frequências absolutas, porcentagens, medianas, médias e desvio padrão. Para a análise de confiabilidade intraobservador e de concordância, foram utilizados o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI) e o teste de concordância Bland-Altman, usando o pacote estatístico SPSS® V24. Para a identificação da igualdade de médias no teste e no reteste foram utilizados os testes paramétricos t-pareado e One-way ANOVA medidas repetidas, para variáveis contínuas e com distribuição normal, tomadas nos momentos antes e depois. Para os casos onde as suposições de normalidade e/ou esfericidade não foram atendidas, foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon ou Friedman. A intensidade do limiar anaeróbio (ILAN) e a Frequência Cardíaca na Intensidade do Limiar Anaeróbio (FCILAN) foram identificadas a partir de três critérios. Participaram do estudo 20 idosos, na maioria mulheres, com idade entre 60 e 65 anos, de cor branca, convivendo com companheiro, com mais de 12 anos de escolaridade, aposentados. Ao testar a reprodutibilidade da ILAN em dois momentos distintos com o mesmo avaliador, observamos que a média dos escores obtidos no teste e reteste foi semelhante (>,05) indicando boa correlação entre os pares analisados (r = ,77 a ,91). Nossos resultados também mostraram alta confiabilidade em todos os critérios adotados para determinação do LAN (CCI=,86 a ,95), além de boa concordância das medidas teste e reteste para o LAN2 do 1° e 3° critérios por meio do método de análise Bland-Altman. Identificamos redução da pressão arterial na primeira hora após o treinamento em circuito, em comparação com os valores pré-intervenção, nos momentos teste e reteste. O principal achado de nosso estudo se deu pela confiabilidade e concordância entre as medidas teste-reteste para as variáveis estudadas, sugerindo adequação do circuito multimodal incremental na determinação do LA de idosos por meio da dosagem do Lactato Sanguíneo

Regular physical activity brings several benefits to elderly people, but it's necessary to identify a training prescription that can be performed in a safe and effective manner for this population. The Multimodal Training is an alternative to stimulate physical skills and abilities important to maintaining health and autonomy in aging. The purpose of this study, with quantitative approach and quasi-experimental delineation, was to measure the reliability of an incremental multimodal circuit in the determination of the anaerobic threshold (ANT) of elderly people through blood lactate dosage. The study was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee. Social demographic clinical variables were found. Clinical variables were measured before, during and after the training sessions in a multi-modal circuit. For descriptive analysis, absolute frequencies, percentages, medians, averages and standard deviation were calculated. For intra-observer reliability and agreement analysis, we used the Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman agreement test, using statistical package, SPSS® V24. To the measures equality identification in the test and retest were used the t-paired parametrics and One-way ANOVA repeated measures, to continuous variables and with normal distribution, taken moments before and after. To the cases where normality and/or spherecity were not satisfied, we used Wilcoxon or Friedman non-parametric tests. The anaerobic threshold intensity (ATI) and the heart rate in the anaerobic threshold intensity (HRATI) were identified according to three criteria. Participated in the study 20 elderly people, mostly women, between the ages of 60 and 65 years old, white colored, living with a partner, with more than 12 years of schooling, retired. When testing the reproducibility of ATI in two different times with the same evaluator, we observed the measure of the obtained scores in the test and retest was similar to (>,05), indicating a good correlation between the analyzed pairs (r = ,77 a ,91). Our results also showed high reliability in all adopted criteria to determine ATI (CCI=,86 a ,95), in addition to the good agreement of the test and retest measures to the ATI2 of the first and third criteria through Bland-Altman analysis method. Was identified arterial pressure reduction in the first hour after the circuit training, compared with preintervention values, in the test and retest moments. The main discovery was given through reliability and agreement between measures test-retest to the studied variables, suggesting adjustment of the incremental multimodal circuit in the determination of the elderly people ATI through blood lactate dosage

Apolipoprotein B and angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms and aerobic interval training: randomized controlled trial in coronary artery disease patients

Physical training has been strongly recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetic polymorphisms have been studied to understand the biological variability in response to exercise among individuals. This study aimed to verify the possible influence of apolipoprotein B (ApoB: rs1042031 and rs693) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-ID: rs1799752) genotypes on the lipid profile and functional aerobic capacity, respectively, after an aerobic interval training (AIT) program in patients with CAD and/or cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty-six men were randomized and assigned to trained group (n=32) or control group (n=34). Cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) from cardiorespiratory variables. The AIT program, at an intensity equivalent to %VAT (70-110%), was conducted three times a week for 16 weeks. ApoB gene polymorphisms (−12669C>T (rs1042031) and −7673G>A (rs693)) were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene (rs1799752) was identified through PCR and fragment size analysis. After 16 weeks, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels increased in the trained and control groups with the GA+AA genotype (−7673G>A) of the ApoB gene. Trained groups with ACE-II and ACE-ID genotypes presented an increase in oxygen consumption (VO2VAT) and power output after the AIT program. The presence of the ACE I-allele was associated with increased aerobic functional capacity after the AIT program. Increased LDL levels were observed over time in patients with the −7673G>A polymorphism of the ApoB gene. Trial Registration Information: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02313831

Running economy in elite soccer and futsal players: differences among positions on the field / Economia de corrida em jogadores de futebol e futsal de elite: diferenças entre as posições em campo

OBJECTIVE: To determine running economy in a large sample of elite soccer and futsal players to obtain benchmarks in different positions. METHODS: Running Economy is the energy demand at a submaximal running velocity. Players were divided into 6 subgroups. Soccer: defenders, midfielders, and strikers; futsal: defenders, wingers, and pivots. Elite soccer players (n=129) and elite futsal players n=72 performed an incremental running test starting at 8.4 km.h-1 with increments of 1.2 km.h-1 every two minutes on a treadmill until exhaustion. Running Economy was determined by interpolation between ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). RESULTS: Running Economy (measured as mL.kg-1.km-1) was compared between the playing positions in the two team sports. In soccer, running economy was 222.7 (defenders), 227.0 (midfielders), and 219.8 (strikers) mL.kg-1.km-1, respectively. In futsal, the corresponding values were 198.5 (defenders), 196.9 (wingers), and 190.5 (pivots) mL.kg-1.km-1, respectively. We no found significantly differences between the three positions in both sports. The Running Economy of futsal players was 12.5% better than that of soccer players. Running Economy correlated positively with oxygen uptake at VT2 in both sports and in all positions. CONCLUSION: Futsal players exhibited better Running Economy than soccer players; this should be considered as a factor in the athlete's training plan.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a Economia de Corrida numa grande amostra de jogadores de futebol e futsal de elite em diferentes posições do campo. METODOS: Os jogadores foram subdivididos em três subgrupos: futebol (jogadores de defesa, meio-campistas e atacantes) e futsal (jogadores de defesa, alas e pivôs). Foram 129 jogadores de futebol e 72 jogadores de futsal, que competem nas respectivas primeiras divisões do Brasil. Os jogadores foram submetidos a teste de esforço em esteira (8,4 km-1.h+1,2km-1.h a cada dois minutos) até a exaustão. Consumo máximo de oxigênio, limiares ventilatórios e Economia de Corrida foram registrados por análise de troca gasosa respiratória. A Economia de Corrida foi determinada por interpolação utilizando as velocidades dos limiares ventilatórios 1 e 2 e o consume de oxigênio nas duas velocidades. RESULTADOS: Os valores de Economia de Corrida entre as posições nos dois esportes foram os seguintes: Futebol, jogadores de defesa (222,7±16,7mL.kg-1.km-1), meio-campistas (227±19,9mL.kg-1.km-1), e atacantes (219,8±17,2mL.kg-1.km-1). Futsal, jogadores de defesa (198,5±10,8mL.kg-1.km-1), alas (196,9±16,2mL.kg-1.km-1), e pivôs (190,5±11,8mL.kg-1.km-1). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as três posições em ambos os esportes. A Economia de Corrida dos jogadores de futsal foi 12,5% melhor do que dos jogadores de futebol. Neste estudo, os jogadores da posição pivô no futsal tiveram os melhores valores de Economia de Corrida (custo de oxigênio mais baixo). Embora o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) e o limiar ventilatório 2 (LV2) fosse maior nos jogadores de futebol, a Economia de Consumo foi pior. Esta correlacionou-se positivamente com o VO2 no LV2 em ambos os esportes e em todas as posições CONCLUSÃO: Futsal tem melhor Economia de Consumo do que futebol. O presente estudo aponta a importância dos índices Economia de Consumo no plano de treinamento físico dos atletas.

Physiological transition threshold in mountain runners: a systematic review / Limiares de transição fisiológica em corredores de montanhas: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract The identification of physiological transition thresholds (TT) is commonly used for prescribing and evaluating the performance of endurance athletes; however, the methods need further investigation in mountain runner athletes. The aim of the present review was to analyze the different methods used to determine TT in mountain runners. After analyzing 1,176 articles found in different databases, 4 articles that presented a relationship with the theme were selected. Varied proposals were observed, in which the surveys searched for physical and/or cardiorespiratory performance, as well as the effect of acclimatization and training at different altitudes in mountain runners. All studies used spirometry to identify the anaerobic threshold through visual methods and a relative mean intensity in thresholds occurred at 80 - 90% of VO2max. The results of studies analyzed evidenced the limited use of methodologies in the identification of exercises for training evaluation and prescription, as well as the use of effective and low-cost alternative methods to determine these thresholds in mountain runners.

Resumo A identificação dos limiares de transição fisiológica (LT) é comumente utilizada para prescrição e avaliação do desempenho de atletas de endurance, no entanto, os métodos precisam de maiores investigações em atletas corredores de montanhas. O objetivo da presente revisão foi analisar os diferentes métodos utilizados para a determinação dos LT em corredores de montanhas. Após a análise de 1176 artigos encontrados em diferentes bases de dados, foram selecionados 4 artigos que apresentaram relação com o tema. Pode-se observar propostas variadas, nas quais as pesquisas buscaram investigar o desempenho físico e/ou cardiorrespiratório, bem como o efeito da aclimatização e treinamento em diferentes altitudes nos corredores de montanhas. Todos os artigos utilizaram a espirometria para a identificação do limiar anaeróbio, através de métodos visuais e a intensidade média relativa nos limiares ocorreu próxima a valores de 80 - 90% VO2máx. Os resultados dos estudos analisados evidenciam o uso limitado de metodologias na identificação dos LT para a avaliação e prescrição de treinamento, bem como a utilização de métodos alternativos eficazes e de baixo custo para a determinação destes limares em atletas corredores de montanhas.

Evaluation of anaerobic threshold in non-pregnant and pregnant rats

ABSTRACT Several studies present different methodologies and results about intensity exercise, and many of them are performed in male rats. However, the impact of different type, intensity, frequency and duration of exercise on female rats needs more investigation. From the analysis of blood lactate concentration during lactate minimum test (LacMin) in the swimming exercise, the anaerobic threshold (AT) was identified, which parameter is defined as the transition point between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. LacMin test is considered a good indicator of aerobic conditioning and has been used in prescription of training in different exercise modalities. However, there is no evidence of LacMin test in female rats. The objective was to determine AT in non-pregnant and pregnant Wistar rats. The LacMin test was performed and AT defined for mild exercise intensity was from a load equivalent to 1% of body weight (bw), moderate exercise as carrying 4% bw and severe intensity as carrying 7% bw. In pregnant rats, the AT was reached at a lower loading from 5.0% to 5.5% bw, while in non-pregnant the load was from 5.5% to 6.0% bw. Thus, this study was effective to identify exercise intensities in pregnant and non-pregnant rats using anaerobic threshold by LacMin test.